How equal opportunities and managing diversity impact on organisations and their HRM practices

Abstract Diversity in organizations has been increasing, especially in the past decade. This has brought about the need for managers in organizations to ensure that they implement effective policies that will not only reduce discrimination but also increase the productivity of their diverse workforces. This report presents a research that was carried out using both primary and secondary approaches to establish the importance of inclusion and diversity management on organizations. Whereas the importance of diversity management is highlighted in this report, there is also evidence that points out the challenges that managers may face in managing diversity. Introduction In any organization, human resources are among the most vital assets to its success. Thus, it is imperative for them to be manages in the most effective manner that will optimize their productivity. One of the trends that characterize the 21st century human resource force in the United Kingdom is the increase in workplace diversity (Michalle & Barak, 2010). The basis of effectively managing diversity at the workplace is acknowledging the differences that may exist among the company’s workforce and implementing workplace practices that create an inclusive environment for all employees. It is worth noting that there are different types of diversity in workplaces. These include gender, race and religion (Poster, 2008). Having able and disabled employees also represents a certain degree of diversity. Effective management of diversity benefits organizations by improving communication among employees and facilitating innovation and diversity. For businesses, having a diverse workfor ce helps in addressing needs of a diverse customer base and thus, an increase in returns (Tarmac, 2012). In regard to this, this report presents findings from primary and secondary research that was carried out to establish the importance of embracing and managing workplace diversity. Research Approach As aforementioned, this research was carried out using both secondary and primary approaches. The secondary approach involved reviewing literature that has been published on various databases about the subject of workplace diversity. A preference was given to peer-reviewed journal articles because of their renowned credibility in terms of the researched information they offer (Yin, 2010). Since the time and resources to carry out an exhaustive primary research was limited, semi-structured interviews were used to collect qualitative data from a seven colleagues in college. The data was collected through an audio recording for further analysis. This approach was selected because it is relatively informal and does not require a lot of time to get the required information (Yin, 2010). FindingsFindings from Secondary ResearchMany researchers have carried out studies the subject of workplace diversity. However, as pointed out by Herring (2009), this concept is relatively new, dating to the 1980s. Some of the factors that have contributed to an increase in workplace diversity include the increased immigration – especially to developed countries – which has led to an increasingly international workforce. The equality campaigns that have been on the increase have also led to an increase the number of ethnic minorities and women in the present-day labour pool. It is evident that if poorly managed, diversity will adversely affect productivity of human resources. Thus, human resource managers in organizations ought to implement effective diversity management practices so as to turn diversity into an advantage (The Times 100, 2013).Importance of Managing Workplace DiversityWith the ever increasing diversity in global population and workplaces, it is vital to establish the benefits of managing diversity. Michalle and Barak (2010) argue that diversity increases the productivity of employees. This is because of the fact that a diverse workplace comprises of different talents, skills and experiences, and if these differences are combined and directed towards the achievement of a common goal, it is certain that it will be advantageous to the organization. In another research on workplace diversity, Herring (2009) established that effective management of a diverse workforce increases creativity and problem solving. By treating contributions of every employee at the workplace as important, regardless of their experience, race or gender, useful insights about how to approach a certain task in the organization can be found. Organizations that fail to take advantage of the diversity in their workforces may lock out ideas from employees that may be of phenomenal importance to the progress of the company. Companies that have created a reputation for effective management of diversity have the advantage of attracting and retaining a diverse workforce, which comes with diverse talents and capabilities. Inclusion in the workplace motivates employees by creating in them a sense of belonging. Acknowledging diversity in the workplace motivates the employees and also increases their levels of commitment towards the organization. In a study carried out by Groeneveld (2011) on management of workplace diversity and its impacts on employee turnover, he established that companies adhering to diversity policies in recruitment and other human resource management practices in their organization had much less cases of employee turnover than those whose diversity management approaches were not as ideal. Given that diversity will be almost inevitable in future, organizations have to ensure that they put the most effective diversity management practices in place. There is also a legal advantage of manag ing diversity in organizations and encouraging inclusion. Application of appropriate approaches in diversity management limits the chances of lawsuits by employees that feel excluded (Michalle & Barak, 2010). Not only does this save money that could have been spent on litigation expenses, it also creates a positive reputation of the organization to a wide range of stakeholders. Tadmor et al. (2012) argue that companies that target a market with diverse customers greatly benefits from employing a diverse workforce. For instance, if a company has a marketing team that comprises of people from different races, religions and genders, the possibility of such a team attracting a wide range of customers is higher as compared to a team that consists of people from the same gender, race or religion. Thus, effective diversity management may increase the returns of a company by attracting more customers.Challenges of Workplace Diversity ManagementEven though management of diversity has many ad vantages for employers and employees in organizations, Canas and Sondak (2010) argue that there are several associated challenges. Management of diversity involves the recognition of the value associated with the differences in the workforce, promotion of inclusiveness and elimination of any kind of discrimination that exists in the workforce. Ensuring that all these aspects of management are exhaustively addressed may be challenging for human resource managers, especially when diversity among employees is quite extensive. Some of the disadvantages that are associated with poor workplace diversity management include increased employee turnover, lack of synergy and ineffective communication among employees, and an increase in the chances of companies facing lawsuits and negative publicity (Tarmac, 2012). A recent example of a diversity issue that tainted the image of an organization took place in 2011, when a Liverpool hospital placed an advertisement for job vacancies. In their cond itions for application, the included as statement that referred to equal opportunities as â€Å"usual rubbish† (Hough, 2011). Even though the statement was replaced after negative feedback from the public, it has drawn negative attention from different parts of the world, which has also affected reputation of the hospital. For effective diversity management, Herring (2009) suggests that managers have to first understand the diverse needs of their employees and identify areas from which discrimination may arise. They should then create the ideal policies that will ensure inclusiveness in the organization.Findings from Primary ResearchTo establish the impacts of equal opportunities and diversity management in the workplace, mixed reactions were obtained from some of the peers that were interviewed. Whereas two of them were of the view that ensuring workplace inclusion may be unnecessary for organizations, five of the respondents were for the idea that managing diversity is amon g the most important human resource management practices of the 21st century.Responses in support of Workplace DiversityOne of the questions that the subjects were asked was how diversity may affect the productivity of an organization. In response to this question, one of the respondents, who is a proponent of diversity argued, â€Å"There is no way that a company in the 21st century can survive without having a diverse workforce. Diversity does not only exist in the colour of the skin or the language we speak. Everywhere in the UK, there is diversity in religion, gender, and generations. What companies ought to do is agree that diversity is inevitable, and find ways to deal with it for their own advantage.† This response indicates that there is widespread knowledge about diversity and organizations ought to device the necessary approaches to increase productivity of their diverse employees. Another respondent added â€Å"Diversity in the workplace is good. Though it may be difficult at the start, continued co-operation with team members from different backgrounds makes it possible to understand and appreciate one another. If I am offered a job in two companies, one with a good reputation of inclusion and another known for discriminating against some workers, I will definitely choose the one that has created a reputation of inclusiveness†Responses against Workplace DiversityIn response to the same question on how diversity may affect productivity of an organization, another respondent who thought diversity is overemphasized argued, â€Å"I think diversity in organizations is a good thing, but organizations ought to focus more on merit. If I have vacancies in my company and I am looking for the best employees to fill those positions, I should not be forced to select a ‘diverse workforce’ because the policies say so, instead, I need to select the most qualified candidates. If the most qualified candidates are from the same gender, eth nic or religious backgrounds, I should be free to hire them. This whole diversity debate may not be as constructive as we think it is.† The response given by this respondent is also quite sensible, which indicates that there are some disadvantages that are associated with workplace diversity policies. Findings from primary research, as indicated, were mixed. Whether the response provided by the respondents supports or is against the importance of diversity in the workplace, they both acknowledge the existence of diversity issues in the 21st century. However, most of the respondents were in support of the implementation of appropriate diversity management strategies. This indicates that equal opportunities and management of diversity in organizations is among the most important practices in present-day human resource management. With a projected increase in levels of diversity in the UK population, as well as other parts of the world, it will be inevitable for organizations to have a diverse workforce (Canas & Sondak, 2010). Conclusion The 21st century has been characterized with a phenomenal increase in diversity among population across the globe, which has also affected the composition of employees in many organizations. This research had the aim of establishing the importance of inclusion and the management of diversity in organizations. Even though some disadvantages of employee diversity were established from the primary and secondary research that was carried out, most of the respondents and all the secondary sources accessed indicated that inclusion and diversity management is a very vital human resource practice. From the findings of the research, one of the recommendations that can be made for human resource managers is that all employees have to be informed on the importance of workplace diversity and how to effectively collaborate with their workmates from different backgrounds and gender. References Canas, K.A. & Sondak, H., 2010. Opportunities and challenges of workplace diversity. New York: Prentice Hall. Groeneveld, S., 2011. Diversity and employee turnover in the Dutch public sector: Does diversity management make a differenceInternational Journal of Public Sector Management, 24(6), pp.594-612. Herring, C., 2009. Does Diversity Pay?: Race, Gender, and the Business Case for Diversity. American Sociological Review, 74, pp.208-24. Hough, A., 2011. NHS hospital ‘usual equal opportunities rubbish’ job advert sparks investigation. The Telegraph, 5 September. Michalle, E. & Barak, M., 2010. Managing Diversity: Toward a Globally Inclusive Workplace. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Poster, W.R., 2008. Filtering Diversity : A Global Corporation Struggles With Race, Class, and Gender in Employment Policy. American Behavioral Scientist, 52(3), pp.307-41. Tadmor, C.T., Satterstrom, P., Jang, S. & Polzer, J.T., 2012. Beyond Individual Creativity The Superadditive Benefits of Multicultural Experience for Collective Creativity in Culturally Diverse Teams. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43(3), pp.384-92. Tarmac, 2012. Diversity and inclusion policy. [Online] Available at: http://www.tarmac.co.uk/about_us/about_tarmac/idoc.ashx?docid=ffe70bb0-4510-476a-8dd4-b352a63c1b48&version=-1 [Accessed 26 February 2014]. The Times 100, 2013. Competetive advantage through diversity. [Online] Available at: http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/tarmac/competitive-advantage-through-diversity/conclusion.html#axzz2MxtlEGBP [Accessed 26 February 2014]. Yin, R.K., 2010. Qualitative Research from Start to Finish. New York: Guilford Press.

Language Barrier Analysis

Language is defined as the words, their pronunciation, and the methods of combining them used and understood by a community. It is all around us everyday, being used by each individual to communicate with one another. Without it, the world would be at loss. Although language can act in a uniting fashion, it can also be a divisor between poeople and society. Just like for the two people, Tanya Barrientos and Amy Tan, language was used to unite each of them with their family yet caused problems to arise, which would divide them from their own people or society.Each author uses their own life examples relating the stories to each other yet one author is ostracized from her native people, the other, by an English speaking society. In this we are going to look at two stories side by side and how they relate to one another and how they differentiate. In Tanya Barrientos’ â€Å"Se Habla Espanol† she explains how she was born into a Spanish speaking family but when they moved t o American when she was three, her and her family stopped speaking English.They way she looked at it was back then, speaking Spanish meant all you could do was wait tables and clean hotel rooms and were constantly being looked down on and criticized. Because of this Barrientos enjoyed her Americanized self and that she often acted as to not know any Spanish to feel superior. She believed that by staying away from Spanish, that stereotypes would stay away from her. Once America changed its views on ethnic identity and people were celebrating the ethnic diversity, the Latino community was held together by the Spanish language, yet it was that which kept her apart.She finally decided to swallow her pride and set out to learn the language people assumed she already knew. Although she can follow a large part of Spanish dialogue, she still gets caught up over difficult construction. She believes there are others out there just like her though. In Amy Tans story â€Å"Mother Young† Amy takes a look on the various types of English she uses in her life. She talks about who and what had influenced this type of language. She also focuses on her mother who speaks what we know as â€Å"broken English† because of her mother being a Chinese immigrant.All of this starts with Tan realizing the different types of English she spoke and especially in front of her mother, in a way she has never heard her talk before. This brings in question who influenced her language and her mothers’ effect. Because of Tans mothers’ dialect she was often treated differently in a number of circumstances where as a normal English speaking person wouldn’t have been. Amy feared that because her mothers’ language was limited that people would think what she had to say was limited and that were the perception people got from her.This also caused the question of Amy’s mothers’ language possibly having an effect on limiting her abilities as well. Wh en looking at these stories side by side, the two have many similarities. To start off, they both involve their native language and the barriers that they put up. Both Tan and Barrientos stories involve a foreign language with effects their English language here in the US. This is seen in Tanya’s un-assured self as a Latino and Amy’s mothers broken English. In both a barrier seems to arise when it comes to language.When it came to Tanya Barrientos, people suspected she wasn’t really Spanish due to her trouble with the language. In Amy Tan’s story, her mother came to a barrier when people didn’t take her seriously because of her spoken English. Also, in each story the characters are faced with a sense of inequality. In Se Habla Espanol, Barrientos admits that she enjoyed that people told her she didn’t â€Å"look† Mexican and even denied knowing how to speak Spanish at times which made her feel superior, showing the race boundaries.Als o, there is a section in which they arrive to school late and are hackled for doing so. You can understand it is due to their race because they were generalized as â€Å"you people†. It’s also seen a great amount in Mother Tongue such as how Amy’s mother was treated because of her broken English causing Amy to many times have to speak for her mother. People assumed her mother was inadequate just because her language was limited. In both stories, each person feels a type of judgment from others.For Tanya, is was when the Spanish would notice her stumbling over her words in a difficult situation and for Amy is was how people assumed her mother was inadequate due to her broken English. One final comparison would be both of them challenging themselves to achieve an attainable goal in school that involved their language. Tanya Barrientos did rigorous course study work, taking numerous Spanish classes and even studying in abroad in Mexico to further help her develop h er Spanish speaking tongue.In Mother Tongue, we learn that although her natural skill lied in math and science, she challenged herself and declared herself an English major in college. Although there are a great amount of similarities between the two stories, they also differ in many ways. When it comes to immigration, Tanya Barrientos moved here when she was three years old with her parents hope of her and her siblings to speak nothing but English, but Amy Tan was born here, although her parents are Chinese immigrants. This caused a difference in which way they faced their language barriers.Tanya, although wanting to deny it in her earlier years, was trying so hard to reconnect with her cultural origin and learn their language to authenticate her Spanish heritage. Also so that she could communicate in the language both of her parents spoke to one another. Amy Tan was born here but that didn’t cause her mother to speak perfect English. Her mothers’ English was broken s o she grew up speaking English but listening to her mothers’ incorrect grammar, which influenced her grammatical growth.She wished her mother hadn’t had this impediment, which caused her to be viewed differently but wanted to use her mothers tongue as a guide for who would read the books she was writing. Another difference between the two would just be the point of view each story was written from. In Tanya Barrientos’ story, the main character was herself so it was a direct interpretation of her own experiences. In Amy Tans’ story, her mother was used as a main subject so it was written from how she herself viewed her mother and the events that occurred involving her.Another difference would be the associations made difficult due to the language barrier. For Tanya Barrientos, she struggled to communicate with natives or people fluent in speaking Spanish. Although she was born there and grew up with it through her family, she struggled to communicate effe ctively. In Amy Tans story, her mother had difficulty speaking with people whose first language was English and were effective in communicating so. Another difference would be how in Amy Tans â€Å"Mother Tongue† we learn that in many cases, her mother was given horrible service, acted as if they idn’t hear her or simply ignored due to her broken English. In Tanya Barrientos’ there were examples of her blatantly not using her Spanish speaking tongue to feel better about herself and to be viewed as â€Å"white†. All in all, both stories vary in many ways but are also similar. Their languages, their barriers and the situations that occur do present themselves in different ways for many but the underlying cause is there in universal orient. Although languages are vastly different, they all cause similar altercations.

Boeing Case Essay

1. Why did Boeing adopt the radical change approach for designing and developing the 787 Dreamliner? What were the risks? In your opinion, was it a good move? Defend your choice. Boeing adopted the radical change approach for designing and developing the 787 Dreamliner because they were in competition with Airbus and needed a new approach in which they could use innovation to stand out upon their competitiors. Boeing was looking to reduce manufacturing costs and development times. Boeing took an aggressive approach to apply their techniques. There was not enough time to fully establish the project or to even communicate with vendors. The project was delayed mainly because of their global supply chain network. Boeing did not have the necessary technology to fulfill the needs of the 787 Dreamliner which unfortunately caused it to have many delays and problems. In my opinion, this was not a very good decision. It was a financial burden to the company and caused unnecessary stress on the company as a whole. They were left with no choice but to make up for the losses to airlines that purchased the 787 Dreamliner. 2. Using the Silo Perspective versus Business Process Perspective, analyze the Dreamliner program. When analyzing the Dreamliner program using the silo perspective, we can see that the program had difficulty communicating between Boeing and its vendors. However, the silo perspective was good for individual departments within the company. It increased efficiency within these departments, but created processes of supply chains to become incompatible. The plan at Boeing was to use various suppliers in which would each have expertise over the different parts of the plane to quicken the process, when it reality it delayed it extremely. When looking at the business persceptive, Boeing needed IS to monitor the connection with their vendors, resolving problems in a shorter time frame. 3. What are your conclusions about the design of the integrated supply chain? Give some specific ideas about what could have been done to integrate it  better. The design of the integrated supply chain lacked a control system that was able to monitor the designing, planning, and manufacturing, as well as the suppliers. There was too many vendors in the supply chain, which ultimately caused it to fail. To integrate the supply chain better, Boeing needed to have a full understanding of supply chain management and monitor it closely using IS. Supply chain management is the flow of goods. Boeing could have been tracking the movement and storage of the parts of the planes. They also could have been tracking what their vendors were doing and when by having them record down specific times and dates that they were working on the parts. Lastly, they would have been able to keep track of the overall time it took to make each part. With this information they could have been able to find more efficient ways to build the parts. All of these would be done through IS and would have caused the Dreamliner from failing. 4. If you were the program manager, what would you have done differently to avoid the problems faced by the Dreamliner program? If I were the program manager, I would have looked to establish a manufacturing factory that focused solely on production of the parts for the plane. This way, more attention would be paid to the specific parts and communication between the vendors would have been more effective. This factory would need employees which would be skilled in their specific function and that would be able to produce the parts in a timely and efficient way. Enforcing more guidelines will ensure that the vendors are able to get their jobs done. It is also important to plan for the future, because the Dreamliner held high expectations it was in high demand. Boeing should have predicted an increase in orders and better prepared themselves for what was about to come their way. An IS would have helped to track data that would have been useful in determining the projection of the Dreamliner.

Berlin Art and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Berlin Art and Culture - Essay Example Baroque style and art forms can be understood by going through its historical context. The first modern age began in the 17th century. In the early 17th century, the Catholic Church of Rome in Italy adopted Counter-Reformation style. Later it spread to all the Roman Catholic countries throughout all the countries of Europe. Baroque is considered as an era of artistic style, which made the most use of the motion, exaggerated, and drama was produced with the clear and easy to interpreted details. Paintings, sculptures, architecture, literature, dance and music were given rise in this era. The catholic Churches helped in promoting the Baroque style as they decided that the art should be connected to the religious themes. In this era, there can be seen a drastic change in the architecture and art. The Baroque art’s characteristics consist of a sense of movement, tension and energy (Norberg-Schulz 19). The International Style in architecture emerged in Baroque period. In the Baroqu e period the artists attempted to rid the art of its complications as they brought the principles of clarity, balance and monumentality in the art forms by avoiding the asymmetry and distortion trends. The artists such as Annibale Carracci and Michelangelo Merisi took the art forms towards simplification. The Baroque approach always exhibited the dramatic intensity, massiveness, theatrical adventure and combination of colors. The new form included the art, integrating literature, music, drama and paintings, etc.

Analyze the reasons for the United States involvement in Vietnam Essay - 2

Analyze the reasons for the United States involvement in Vietnam between 1953 and 1968 - Essay Example This therefore became a fully-fledged war and escalated drastically requiring the US to either withdraw or put more effort into the war and the effort was tripled. The US therefore entered Vietnam to fight USSR (Wiest 56). The taking over of the whole of Vietnam by the Northern Vietnamese would mean that the whole nation would fall under the communists rule. USA was heavily opposed to communism and hence would not stand aside and watch the South Vietnamese also drawn into this type of economic rule. US therefore fought so vehemently in order to prevent the whole of Vietnam falling under the communism system which they saw as oppressive of the hard working people while giving free pass of survival to others (Weatherbee 176). They therefore engaged the part of Vietnam that had yet to fall under communism and this was South Vietnam. They trained their soldiers and later fully joined them in fighting the North Vietnamese soldiers to prevent takeover. USA wanted to support France in still regaining control of Vietnam and expanding its reign to the northern part of Vietnam. It had already captured the South and the only difficult location was the North. Since France was anti-communist similar to USA, its support would mean a complete end to communism in the region and it would be a win for US (Peake 73). All this support was however only a faà §ade as US wanted to outdo USSR and show its military superiority to enforce its superiority among the two superpower nations. The fall or capturing of North Vietnam and the end of communism in that area would mean a fall in part of USSR and communism in general which was what US wanted from the beginning. The above mentioned reasons were the reasons in the 1950s but they later changed with change of administration. As the war in Vietnam continued, the North Vietnamese’s war strategy started leading to the defeat of the US and the South Vietnamese military forces.

Financial reporting and corporate governance disclosures of Saudi Essay

Financial reporting and corporate governance disclosures of Saudi banks - Essay Example The intention of this study is the corporate governance as â€Å"the set of institutions that determines how the residual claims are distributed between those who have participated in the generation of profits†. In respect of the corporate reproting Shleifer & Vishny provides a clear statement to elaborate corporate governance as â€Å"a form in which stakeholders make sure they will obtain a return of their investment†. This implies that companies need to develop and implement corporate governance policies and practices to ensure that shareholders can have the confidence in the decisions made by managers and expect returns on the investment. Overall good corporate governance could be viewed as â€Å"the subset of those practices that are welfare enhancing for the economy†. The emphasis on corporate governance took its lead when in the early 2000 the US corporate sector was hit by a series of major corporate scandals involving management and those who were respon sible for ensuring integrity in the financial reporting. These corporate failures were mainly argued as a resultant of not enough supervision and regulatory role played by the government. The accounting profession was also blamed for having weak conceptual framework allowing managers to manipulate their financial reporting in favor of attracting investment from shareholders and eventually collapsing due to unveiling of major frauds involving external auditors assisting managers to cover up the internal mismanagement of financial reporting.

Theory that support obesity in Children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Theory that support obesity in Children - Essay Example There are varying theories that support obesity, most of which have had empirical research and studies supporting their validity or otherwise. This paper is dedicated to critically analyzing one of these theories. The multidimensional theory of obesity proposed by Perryman, Nielsen and Booth (2008) is the selected theory that supports obesity that is going to be used. As the name of the theory implies, the multidimensional theory of obesity refuses to view obesity as a phenomenon with just one aspect. Rather, it sees obesity as â€Å"multidimensional and involves physical aspects, such as genetics and metabolism, as well as psychological schemas and environmental conditions (Wilkins, Kendrick, Stitt & Hammarlund, 1998). With reference to the present study, the selection of the multidimensional theory is in the fact that at the early ages, children are exposed to as many factors as possible that account for their obesity and its solutions. It is therefore necessary and important to get a theory that matches up with the multi-variant nature of the causes, effects and solutions available for children who may be facing obesity as a health problem. The proposed solution to combating obesity in children is rooted in the need for individualized interventional attention given to obese children. By individualized interventional attention, reference is being made to the need of ensuring that interventions that are suggested do not only address a restricted aspect of obesity in children such as diet but that it looks at a holistic and comprehensive approach to ensuring that the problem is really solved. This is because with such a holistic approach, there is not going to be anyway that the researcher is going to miss the cause of the problem in case the cause is not as singular as may be thought (Golan, Weitzman, Apter and

General Custer's Last Stand Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

General Custer's Last Stand - Research Paper Example Those that were left would pass down the story of the battle from generation to generation, until it became a legendary part of history. The main controversies leading to the battle were a band of what was considered to be renegade Sioux Native Americans and the fact that the settlers were once again pressing in on the lands previously given to the Sioux. A treaty was signed in 1868 and the Great Sioux Reservation was created; it included the Black Hills, lands considered sacred to the tribe2. Custer himself, however, had led expeditions into the country in 1874 and discovered rich reins of gold, which, of course, were wanted by everyone other than the Sioux3. Complicating things were a band of Sioux that had never considered themselves reservation Native Americans, and lived freely on buffalo hunting grounds4. Led by Chief Sitting Bull, these Sioux were finally issued an ultimatum, which was to move to the reservation by January 31, 1876, or be considered hostile and have military action taken against them5. The stage was set for a spectacular finish, and the Native Americans would not go quietly. Accounts of Custer himself are conflicted. His own writings depict that he believed Native Americans were hostile, and that they would break any treaty made before the ink was dry from their marks6. However, there are other accounts that portray him as friendly towards the Native Americans, wishing nothing more than to be considered a frontiersman7. It cannot be denied that he had clashed with Native American tribes before, as he had achieved victory over Cheyenne tribe at the Battle of the Washita in 18688. He had also done battle with Sitting Bull, as well as Sioux Chief Crazy Horse in 1873, when guarding railroad workers’ surveying land for new tracks at the Yellowstone River9. Custer, Crazy Horse, and Sitting Bull would once

Medical Law, Morality and Legal Duties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Medical Law, Morality and Legal Duties - Essay Example The discussion seeks to answer the question: Does the law on abortion and euthanasia reflect moral obligations of society, or communal outlooks? Hart’s claims that legal duties must be effectively accepted as common public standards of official behaviour. Although a positivist, there are connotations of morality Hart’s theory, which requires that legal duties correspond to moral obligations in order to have legal effect. If reference is to be made to social norms which provide the basis of validity for legal duties, the proposition coincides rather well. Positivists do not deny a connection between law and morality; they argue that legal duties are not affected by moral obligations. However, heated public debate on abortion and euthanasia strongly suggest otherwise. Yet, it could be argued that despite the fact that many may disagree with it, the law in the UK prohibits euthanasia. Does this mean that the criminalisation of euthanasia would reflect moral obligations? It can be accurately stated that perhaps the most important moral obligation is to preserve the sanctity of life. In this respect, legal duties have been created by moral obligations. Yet the law on abortion permits what could be termed as the killing of a human being. How can the law allow acts which essentially obliterate the moral obligation to preserve life? The conflicting elements provided by this proposition highlight the complexity of the interplay between legal duties and moral obligations; not every situation is able to be dealt with similarly, despite the fact that it may essentially be based on the same moral or legal basis.9 It is not a simple application of moral obligations to legal duties or vice versa – there is a complex interconnection between conflicting rights and clashing elements. Yet the fact that some may not agree with legal duties in relation to these aspects does not necessarily reduce their validity as law per se. Indeed, Kelsen states that the scie nce of law does not prescribe that one ought to obey the commands of the creator,10 though Hart refers to notions of fairness in order to argue the importance of legal duties.11 If one applies this issue to the courtroom, the attention appears to turn to moral obligations as bases of legal duties. Presented with often vague legislative provisions of law, judges must apply such vague terms to complex, real-life situations. Therefore, a law which prohibits

Discussion questions ( NO topic ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion questions ( NO topic ) - Essay Example It is also most appropriate in instances where the data are not easily quantified. Observation study is mostly used in instances where intangible aspects, such as emotions, are involved. Observation is used to determine unforced, innate behavioral patterns in natural settings. There are a number of benefits of stratified sampling such as the certainty of representativeness, correlation between strata, and knowledge of all strata and their distinctive features. Stratified sampling generates higher accuracy than random sampling. Moreover, it is usually easier to stratify a sample than to choose randomly. In stratification, researchers can focus on a small number of characteristics and it is more cost-effective and less time-consuming. Stratified sampling also ensures greater coverage, representativeness, or generalizability. The research using stratified sampling has adequate control over the sample; hence it generates findings that are precise and impartial. Stratified sampling is the best method to acquire data that represent the diversity of the population under

Ethics, as It Pertains to Information Technology Term Paper

Ethics, as It Pertains to Information Technology - Term Paper Example Ethics in information technology is a branch of philosophy that deals with how people should make decisions concerned with their professional conduct, when using information technology. Computers have dramatically changed information handling and communication, but have also caused ethical questions to be raised on standards that the users of information technology should uphold in order to be at par with the expectations from the society. The most theatrical abuse of computer technology is the rampant internet hackings of company websites and online theft of credit card numbers. Such cases are imperceptible, frequent and tied to everyday workings of ordinary, law abiding citizens and different situations are on the rise with great frequency due to computer hacking. Hacking is a situation where an individual referred to as a hacker, gains, or attempts to gain access to resources or services belonging to someone else from their computer databases, usually organizations or companies wi thout their prior authorization or awareness (Davis, Philipp and Cowen, 2005). Such activities lead to the disruption of services, loss of data as well as vandalism of data, software or even hardware resources. Hackers are motivated by a multitude of reasons, which include, getting profits, protests, or to gain recognition based on the enormity of the challenge. Hackers have different attitudes and aims. They use different terms to differentiate themselves from each other, or to exclude themselves from specific groups that they have disagreements with. Members of the computer underground should be referred to as crackers and not hackers. A cracker is someone who gains unauthorized access to a computer in order to commit crimes such as information theft. The amount of data and its confidentiality amplifies the concerns that are raised over information technology ethics, and why they should be maintained. Organizations are then forced to device come up with ethical standards that will guide their employees conduct while at the same time ensuring that they remain within the bounds of acceptable public ethics. However, there has been a disregard of societal ethics where companies have employed espionage tactics over rival companies to gain unfair competitive advantage by hacking into their information systems or purchasing information from hackers. In other cases, inquisitive minors have done hacking using a computer and an internet connection. A good example is that of a juvenile who, in March of 1997, sent a couple of computer commands from his personal computer effectively and disabled a telephone company services that was serving an airport in the United States. Such actions have drawn major attention from security agencies such as the F.B.I, and they have made fighting computer hacking be one of their priorities. In the recent past, there has been an accelerated increase in the number of organized hacker groups all over the world. Such groups gather occasiona lly in conventions such as DEF CON, HoHoCon, and SummerCon and such conventions provide information and a means to learn from other members. Hackers also gain credibility by affiliating themselves to elite hacker organizations. Public interest groups such as the computer Ethics Institute have been in the frontline in trying to lay down the ethical standards that computer users should uphold. Various security agencies have highly prioritized cases of hacking to the extent of setting up a

Leadership and Management in Healthcare Essay Example for Free

Leadership and Management in Healthcare Essay There is an increase in societal changes and demands in the nursing profession today. It is vital that nurses keep up to date with what is happening in their profession. This is attainable by becoming a member of professional organizations (American Nurses Association, 2014). The three major categories of nursing organizations include: national, state, and international. These professional nursing organizations have large memberships and maintain state and national links that help increase the knowledge of its members regarding current trends in legislation, employment, and clinical practices. The purpose of this paper is to discuss professional organization in the nursing industry, discuss how nurse leaders can use professional nursing organizations to maintain actions in the nursing and health care industry. Selected Professional Organization Nursing organizations keep nurses aware of the current trends and politics that impact the nursing profession. A fundamental part of the American Nurses Association, the Florida Nurses Association (FNA) is categorized within the state level that supports education, research, and assistance to nurses in need. FNA has been a great advocate for nurses from all areas of specialty (Florida Nurses Association, 2014). FNA is known as the â€Å"political watch dog for nurses and health care† and has an influential presence in Tallahassee. Its main goal is to protect the privileges and rights of nurses and make sure that the voice of nurses is heard at the capital (Dandurant, 2012). Current Political Issues The use of the titleâ€Å"Doctor† among nurses with Doctorate Degree in Nursing Practice (DNP) is one current issue addressed through FNA. Such issue is one of the most tackled issues among the medical group who is campaigning against doctoral nurses to shun away from calling themselves as doctors. As stated by the medical group, DNP’s should give the public and their patients explanations regarding their status otherwise will face criminal charges as they are not medical doctors (Florida Nurses Association, 2014). The Florida Medical Association has brought this controversy to legislative level known as State Bill 612 sponsored by Senator Bill Galvano. FNA Lobbyists aim to repeal this bill and view this as a diversion to legislators in the Florida health care plans. Professional Organization and Political Action In advocating for nurses and nursing, it is vital that leaders stay up to date of the political issues. Nursing organizations lobby legislatures and U.S Congress regarding significant issues that impact nursing. Advocating for increased nurses in the â€Å"Patient Protection and Affordable Act† is a good example. It is essential that everyone is knowledgeable about health and politics (American Nurses Association, 2014). Education is beneficial and plays a vital role through this process. It can be done through newsletters, media campaigns, e-mails, telephone calls, internet, and publications. Maintaining Awareness of Political Action Staying current with the health care policy is important in protecting the nursing practice, its scope, as well as the domain which nurses work (Gallager, 2010). Hence, safety and quality, nursing care will be continuously improved. FNA keeps nurse leaders informed of legislative issues such as nursing shortage, staffing ratios, safety in the work environment, and patient advocacy. Through professional organizations and meetings, leaders will be cognizant of information as it relates to the state and national level of health care. It is critical to have a voice in nursing issues. In order to achieve it, one has to be active in the professional organizations, stay aware of all levels of policy development, and works in collaboration with various organizations in the interest of nursing. In order to help ensure that policy enhances good health care,  nurses need to play an active role in the development and modifications in health policy (Dandurant, 2012). Conclusion Joining a professional organization is vital in one’s professional growth. Health care policies and laws impact not only the nurses’ work environment but the patients’ and their safety as well. The core of health policies is safety and quality care. It is essential that nurse leaders are knowledgeable regarding policies as it relates to nursing for a successful lobbying for the profession References American Nurses Association. (2014). Member benefits. Retrieved from: http://www.nursingworld.org Dandurant, K., (2012). Nurses influence health policies. Seacoastonline. Retrieved from: http://www.Seacoastonline.com Florida Nurses Association (2014). About FNA. Retrieved from http://wwwwfloridanurses.org Gallager, R., (2010). Quality is not an irreconcilable difference. Nursing management,4(8).18-20.

SWOT Analysis and finances of Nestle

SWOT Analysis and finances of Nestle Nestle is one of the worlds leader in the food processing and consumer packed goods industry. Founded by Henri Nestle in 1866 in Vevey Switzerland, it has become worldwide with almost 85 branches around the world specializing in a variety of products ranging from baby food, drinks and bottled water to confectionery and ice cream. (Micheloud Cie, 2008) In the race to achieve a high market share in the ice cream industry, Nestle is followed closely by its global competitor Unilever, a Dutch/British multinational operating across many countries in the world with its thriving brand name and products. In order to perform better, Nestle followed a series of acquisitions to grow in the global market. In order to find out its resources, capabilities and core competencies, an internal environmental analysis (SWOT Analysis) of Nestle has to be conducted. Resources can be divided into tangible and intangible resources. Tangible resources include Human resources, equipment, financial resources or capital and raw materials. Such resources are easier to put a value on, but they are also easy to copy and hence are not unique to an organization. On the other hand, intangible resources include technology, knowledge, expertise, brand name, copyright, patent, goodwill etc. Such resources are not easy to copy. Hence being unique, a company having such resources should be able to achieve sustained competitive advantage. SWOT Analysis of Nestle: STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Good Brand Name: Nestle has created a brand name for itself in international markets and also owns brands such as Kit Kat and Lion Bar. Acquisitions: Nestle grew through acquiring various national companies. This meant they had to prepare them to also face the necessary risks involved in the process of acquisition and even after. Also global integration proved to be a hindrance. Licensed Brands: It has licensed brands from Disney and in turn has used this to develop exclusive ice cream products such as Extreme ice cream cones. This grew to Nestles advantage the Disney characters were now linked to Nestle. Weak distribution links: Nestle suffered as they did could not reach their products to all the local markets due to poor distribution links. On the other hand Unilever maintained good relationships with the local companies and retailers to as to ensure adequate freezer space in most of the small outlets in the country. Their objective was to gain maximum freezer space in order to make their products available to the customers at all times. In certain cases the company also rented its freezer to smaller stores. Technology: Nestle has invested a great deal in modern technology. It has used this technical development wide range of new to develop innovations in ice cream and have also launched a chain of patented products. Nestle set up a research laboratory in North America and Europe to research and develop new technologies in ice cream. By doing this the company hoped to achieved a sustained competitive advantage. Local Competition: It was difficult for Nestle to compete on a local level. Nestle allowed its national companies to develop local flavors which did not prove to be effective. They also could not compete with the low overhead costs from the local supermarket chains and companies. Successful Diversification: Nestle has not only succeeded and advanced in the ice cream industry but has also used its knowledge and spread into breakfast cereals, chocolate and confectionery, dairy products, coffee, drinks, baby food and bottled water. Taking this risk of entering new market has proved to be extremely successful for Nestle over the years. Achieving Profitability: In countries where Nestle could not achieve a significant market share, achieving profitability also proved to be a major predicament. Economies of Scale: Nestle has been able to achieve lower costs as a result of higher volumes of production. They achieved economies of scale by branding the products that were usually manufactured at a central location with the national company name, thus reducing cost of storage and transportation. Costs: Yet another limitation of Nestle was to overcome the high fixed costs of developing and distributing ice cream. In order to reduce such high fixed costs, Nestle needs a high market share so that profitability can also be increased. Unilever definitely established a competitive advantage by maintain strong distribution links with its suppliers, an important factor that Nestle did not take into consideration. Unilever also achieved competitive advantages in terms of satisfying local tastes and prices. These strengths of Unilever have proved to be threats for Nestle. Comparative Analysis of the Strategies used by Unilever and Nestle STRATEGIES NESTLE Market Challenger on the attack UNILEVER Market leader on defense Approach to Strategy Prescriptive Approach: Nestle definitely followed a more planned approach to achieve its organizational objectives. They stuck to their plans without making major changes. As a result of this planned approach they were able to put their resources to a much more efficient use. Mix of Prescriptive and Emergent Approach: Although Unilever had its planned objectives of becoming the world leader in ice cream, they kept developing strategies to improve and work on their weaknesses. They kept up with the changes in the environment and were able to satisfy its huge customer base thus achieving a competitive advantage over Nestle. Unilever developed flexibility and adaptability. Generic Strategy Nestle differentiated itself from its major competitor Unilever by using its huge investment in technology to develop various patented products. It also associated itself with Disney characters by obtaining licensed brands. Unilever was able to achieve economies of scale which in turn made it easier for them to also achieve cost leadership. They were able to reduce the costs and thus successfully enter the local markets. Growth Strategy Nestle followed an inorganic growth strategy through a series of acquisitions. It teamed up with other major companies to expand and develop a quicker market share. They acquired ice cream companies in more 30 major countries. Some major acquisitions included Dreyers, the US market leader and Scholler, a principal ice cream company in 2002. By achieving economies of scale, Unilever was able to keep out new entrants that could not achieve such low costs. In addition to keeping out new entrants, Unilever also worked alongside local brand names thus following an inorganic method of growth. Growth Direction Nestle diversified by producing new products and entering new markets, thus spreading its risk. It developed breakfast cereal, confectionary, baby food, dairy products etc. Unilever on the other hand followed a product development strategy. They developed new products in the existing market. They acquired local brands and developed additional variety of ice cream products.

SWOT Analysis of Ultra Tech Cement Industry

SWOT Analysis of Ultra Tech Cement Industry The SWOT analysis about Ultra Tech cement and its position in the market. The company is one of the best in the cement industry, analysing it through the different framework of analysis in order to judge the actual situational and industrial position of the company in order to find out how actually is the company doing. The company is facing a lot of problem regarding its promotion and marketing techniques due to which it faces a short of awareness in the market due to which people are not aware of the product but instead of all the problems it is quite stable and maintain its position in the market. After performing Swot analysis of the company by reviewing porters 5 forces and pestel analysis companys strategic standing and positioning have been analysed. Currently the company is having a better standing as threat of entry is very low due to high initial funds required to establish the factory setup. Contents INTRODUCTION: Ultra Tech is Indias biggest exporter of cement clinker. The companys production plants have increase across eleven integrated area, one white cement plant, twelve grinding units and five terminals four in India and one in Sri Lanka. Most of the plants have ISO 9001, ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001 certification. In addition, two plants have outcome ISO 27001 certification and four have received SA 8000 certification. The process of certification is at present started for the left over plants. The company exports over 2.5 million tons per annum, which is about 30 per cent of the countrys total exports. The export market comprises of countries around the Indian Ocean, Africa, Europe and the Middle East.ÂÂ  Export is a pressure area in the companys strategy for growth. Worlds top 10 cement companies comprises of Ultra Tech Cement Limited. The company has an annual capacity of 48.8 million tones, and manufactures and markets ordinary There is blast furnace slag cement and There is Pozzol ana cement. The companys subsidiaries are Dakshin Cements Limited, Harish Cements Limited; there is Ceylinco (P) Limited and Ultra Tech Cement Middle East Investments Limited. (Kalesh, 2009) SWOT ANALYSIS: STRENGTHS: Cement demand has grown in tandem with strong economic growth derived from: Growth in housing sector (over 30%) key demand driver. Infrastructure projects like ports, airports, power projects, dam irrigation Projects. National Highway Development Programme. Bharat Nirman Yojana for rural infrastructure and rise in industrial projects. Production The companys production facilities are spread across 11 integrated plants, one white cement plant, 12 grinding units and 5 terminals, 4 in India and one in Sri Lanka. High quality cement production is increasing annually.ÂÂ  Annual production capacity is 23.10 million tones. Use of high-end equipment such as the Gamma Metrics Machine and the X-ray Analyser ensures that each product passing out of company. There is manufacturing facility adheres to global standards of quality andÂÂ  performance. Logistics: Ultra Tech Can directly deal with the limestone tenders and thus the middle man do not affect its cost. Company use the local transporters which provide the efficient transportation cost. Thereby reducing the extra expense and making cement more economical for the local man to afford. Plantation: Ultra techs manufacturing plant uses ultra-modern technology and imported machinery. Companys Unit at Koala is the only Unit in this sector in India to have a desalination plant. It is used for meeting the water needs of the plant and the colony. The waste gases from the cooler are used in the desalination plant. that makes the product recyclable and environmental friendly thereby contributing to the environment. The Ultra Tech cement manufacturing the greenbelt at companys Units is simply awesome and is surrounded by trees all around. At some points, company is advancing to achieve the skyline. Only the leaves and the flowers and hear the cacophony of the birds.ÂÂ   Companys CSR (corporate social responsibility) activities extend to 127 villages, in proximity to its plants, across the country. (William B. Werther, David B. Chandler, 2010) Brand Positioning: In the world, Aditya Birla Group is the eighth largest cement player. Ultra Techs products include Ordinary Portland cement, Portland Pozzolana cement and Portland blast furnace slag cement. The company exports over 2.5 million tons per annum, which is about 30 per cent to the countrys total exports. Ordinary There is cement is the most commonly used cement for a wide range of process. Applications cover dry-lean mixes, general-purpose ready-mixes, and even high strengthÂÂ  pre-cast and pre-stressed concrete. OPC(ordinary Portland cement) is used for applications, such as commercial buildings, industrial constructions, Multi storied complexes, cement concrete roads and heavy duty floors. PPC ( Portland Pozzolana cement )cement is used forÂÂ  big construction like dam and thermal powerÂÂ  plant. Distribution Channels: Ultra Techs distribution network is very widely spread out in the country with over 5,500 dealers and 30,000 retailers with its strong distribution channels currently Ultratech is starting to acquire a strong positioning in the market giving head on competition to its rivals. Quality: All the plants of Ultra tech are ISO 14001 Environment Management Systems certified sustain toÂÂ  OHSAS 18001 standards. Clean technologies and processes that combine economic progress and sustainable environment are adopted by the company for better performance. There is plants at Awarpur and Ratnagiri in Maharashtra; There is Jafrabad and Magdalla in Gujarat; Hirmi in Chhattisgarh; Arakkonam in Tamil Nadu; Tadipatri in Andhra Pradesh; Jharsuguda in Orissa and DurgapurÂÂ  in West Bengal.ÂÂ  They have won the Capexil Certificate of Export Recognition Top Exporter -Cement, Clinker, Asbestos and Cement Products for the years 2000, 2002 and2003. Bhartiya Udyog Ratan Award presented to Sh. KYP Kulkarni By Indian Economic Development Research Association (IEDRA) for good quality of cement to customer, New Delhi in 2004. (Narayanan, 2007) WEAKNESSESS: Cement Industry is highly fragmented and it is also highly regionalized and Low value commodity makes transportation over long distances uneconomical. Not available in all the places: Ultra tech is not available at all the places as it is not manufactured at all places and all plants are not available everywhere due to which people cannot find it everywhere hence the profit margins are affected to a greater extend. Human Resource: Due to openness in the Ultra techs work culture which is very informal that does not suit forÂÂ  better management in corporate . The environment being very informal affects the management a lot as being the management they have to maintain a distance and discipline but due to the openness there is no such thing and they face a lot difficulty to control. And Ultra tech has insufficient man power due to its easy recruiting and selection method. Marketing: Lack of awareness program for consumers due to low promotion mix: the company faces the problem of proper promotion due to which the customers doesnt know much about the product resulting into less sales of the product instead of being a good product. Lack of marketing mix: ÂÂ  the company suffers with the problem of proper marketing mix which in return results into the whole confusion state and the product does not reach to the customers properly and in fact a lot of them dont know about it also. Delay in supply: the company being situated in the outer parts of the city and its plant not being located in every city causes delay in the supply of the product. (Porter, 1988) Health: Highly dusty environment at the time of dumping the cement is hazardous forÂÂ  health. It affects humans respiratory system adversely. Ultra tech is therefore not contributing to society as its corporate social responsibility remains unfulfilled due to many hazards. Others: Cement industry is highly fragmented and regionalized as Low value commodity makes. As transportation over long distances is uneconomical for value sector, so cost of transporting cement is high and this keeps cement from being profitable over long distances. In other talks, shipping cement costs more than the profit from selling it. PESTEL ANALYSIS: Analysing the above through pestel framework Ultratech was highly affected by the environmental factors. As cement plants are very harmful for the environment causing a lot of pollution and is harmful for the health of human being hence proving that the environmentally it is not good and hence its plants all are made to be situated outside the city where the population rate is low or no population. So Ultratech is bearing great difficulty in managing the environment along with the health issues. OPPORTUNITIES: With the low per capita consumption of cement in India 102 kg compared to the global average of 260 kg and the emphasis on infrastructure development, Ultra tech has ample opportunity to ride the growth curve. Ultratech can develop new marketing area. It can sign MOUs (memorandum of understanding) withÂÂ  government regarding supply of cement forÂÂ  government work. Ultratech can also maintain the position of competition in the market. Institutional market like corporate and offices, school society complexes are growing in large scale, which will increase the requirement. People are opting for more stable structures and good future, so large use of cement is taking place, so government isÂÂ  spending heavily on infrastructure project as Indian industry base is growing rapidly Thus, this is the right time to fully invest in these market. There is regular demand of cement which in turn will increase foreign investment in this sector. As roadsÂÂ  transformation proce ss is going on throughÂÂ  which the traditional method of road building will be convert by modern concrete roads. Substantially lower per capita cement consumption as compared to developing countries (1/3 rd of world average) Per capita cement consumption in India is 82 kgs against a global average of 255 kgs and Asian average of 200 kgs. For green field capacity 20 million tons per annum will be required to match the demand in pipeline for other two years leading to favourable demand supply scenario. (verma, 2008) THREATS:ÂÂ   As huge cement industry emerge there is more competition for ACC (Associated Cement Companies) to carefully enhanced its price , product and at the same time satisfy its dealers and customers. Cheap priced brand are capturing like a mushroom to lower income customerÂÂ  base. Players such as Jaypee Cement, Prism Cement, and Birla cement. ACC cement are eating up considerable market share. Due to India satisfy growth many new international cement companies are expected in coming years which will bring enormous change and can start price war. Government intervention to adjust cement prices Transportation cost is upgrading. Due toÂÂ  loading restriction there is overloading industrialist shows increase in costs due to the shortage in coal industry. Many retailers are influence by better profit margin, andÂÂ  other Benefits because of small industries increase competition among them, which in turn give heavy discount to customer and start malpractices. Timber is also being considered as one of the substitutes of cement, which is cheap and long lasting. Due to continuous attack of earthquake, many countries like Japan, Indonesia, Singapore etc are now using timber in construction since those areas are high earthquake affected. (Kalesh, 2009) PORTERS 5-FORCE MODEL(THREAT) ANALYSIS: Analysing the above through the five forces framework: Threat of New Entrants: TheÂÂ  high costs are major entry barrier for the entry of new players. The high shipment costs make it difficult to import cement. Cement being a high volume low value commodity results in high goods costs, which makes cement imports economically unlikely. Domestic Cement industry is highly integrated from global cement markets. Making cement duty free, as cement is being imported from neighbouring countries. However, due to logistics issues and lack of port, handling capabilities, imports of cement will remain negligible and do not pose a threat to domestic industry of Ultratech. Competitive rivalry between existing players: Previously the rivalry was strong among the players, as the industry was not consolidated. During the last few years the industry has become more consolidated with the Top 3 players Ultratech is having a combined market share of 49 percent in 2005-06 as compared to 32 Percent in 1999-2000. (Porter, 1988) Its competitive analysis is as follows: Domestic players competing Ultratech are: Associated Cement Companies Ltd (ACCL) Associated Cement Companies Ltd manufactures ordinary Portland cement, composite cement and special cement and has begun offering its marketing expertise and distribution facilities to other producers in cement and related areas. The company plans capital expenditure through expansion of existing units and/or through acquisitions. Birla Corp Birla Corps product portfolio includes acetylene gas, auto trim parts, casting, cement, jute goods, yarn, calcium carbide etc. The cement division has an installed capacity of 4.78 million metric tones and produced 4.77 million metric tones of cement in 2003-04. The company has two plants in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan and one each in West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh and holds a market share of 4.1 per cent. Going forward, the company is setting up its captive Power plant to remain cost competitive. Madras Cements Madras Cements Ltd is one of the oldest cement companies in the southern region and is a part of the Armco group. The company is engaged in cement, clinker, dolomite, dry mortar mix, limestone; ready mix cements (RMC) and units generated from windmills. Lafarge India Lafarge India Pvt Ltd, a subsidiary of the Lafarge Group, has a total cement capacity of 5 million tonne and a clinker capacity of 3 million tonne in the country. Lafarge commenced operations in 1999 and currently has a market share of 3.4 per cent. It exports clinker and cement to Bangladesh and Nepal. It produces Portland slag cement, ordinary Portland cement and Portland Pozzolana cement. Grasim-Ultra Tech Cemco Grasims product profile includes viscose staple fiber (VSF), grey cement, white cement, sponge iron, chemicals andÂÂ  textiles. With the acquisition ofÂÂ  Ultra Tech, L Ts cement division inÂÂ  early 2004, Grasim hasÂÂ  now become the worlds seventh largest cement producer with aÂÂ  combined capacity of 31million tones. Grasim (with Ultra Tech) held a marketÂÂ  share of around 21 perÂÂ  cent in 2005-06. Gujarat Ambuja Cements Ltd (GACL) Gujarat Ambuja wasÂÂ  set up inÂÂ  1986 with the commencement ofÂÂ  commercial production at its 2 million tonneÂÂ  plant in Chandrapur, Maharashtra. The group has clinker manufacturing facilities at Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Chattisgarh, Punjab and Rajasthan. The company has a market share of around 10 per cent, with aÂÂ  strong foothold in the northern and western markets. ItsÂÂ  total sales aggregated US$ 526ÂÂ  millionwith a capacity ofÂÂ  12.6 million tonne in 2003-04. Gujarat Ambuja is one ofÂÂ  Indias largest cement exporter and one ofÂÂ  the most cost efficient firms. It hasÂÂ  also earmarked around US$ 195-220 million for acquisitions Cements Ltd. CONCLUSION: As India is the second largest producer of cement in the worlds many big player presents in the market after that Ultratech cement increases his market share due to the high growth rate of real estate. Because of continuously growth of ultra tech cement after little yearÂÂ  company may occur top cement manufacturer in India. After swot analysis of Ultra Tech I found that company has many strength, but few weakness also present, there are various opportunities for companyÂÂ  in IndiaÂÂ  and other Asian countries because the infrastructure is continuously developing. Company has won the best Employer award in 2007, so young generation have various career opportunities in it. Overall performance of company is increasing continuouslyÂÂ  in each sectorÂÂ  like as Production, HR, Marketing it is good for company it is soon about to establish a strong brand name in the industry due to its good quality and reputed image that is making it exclusive from its competitor s.

Mount Rushmore Essay -- Presidents History Papers

Mount Rushmore In the Black Hills of South Dakota, there is a monument that is dedicated to four of the most influential figures in American history. George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt are names that still to this day trigger thoughts of greatness and awe-inspiring men. All four of these men were presidents of the United States. They each had a signature style or brought a particular ideal the American forefront. George Washington was known as the "father of our country." Thomas Jefferson co-authored the Declaration of Independence. Abraham Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address and the Emancipation Proclamation. Theodore Roosevelt fought for the little man, was known for his brashness, and formed the Rough Riders, a cavalry unit during the Spanish-American War. These men were not only presidents, but more importantly they helped to shape this country and a mountain. This mountain was known as Mount Rushmore and it was located in South Dakota. Just as the se men made America what it is today, so is the story as to how a mountain was carved to tell a story about a nation and its independence. This then is more than just a story about the making of a mountain or the history of the Black Hills, but instead the making of a shrine of democracy. The Mount Rushmore National Memorial is one of the most outstanding phenomena of American History. It is typically American: a massive sculptural project corresponding to the other manifestations of bigness in twentieth-century style. Sculptor Gutzon Borglum believed that art in America was not thoroughly American. It was not sufficiently large or meaningful enough to represent or typify the dreams, ambitions, and accomplishments of this yo... ...icon (13). Works Cited: 1. Fite, Gilbert C. Mount Rushmore, 1952. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma. pg. 9. 2. Fite, pg. 11 3. Borglum, Lincoln. Mount Rushmore: The Story behind the Scenery, 1999. Econo-Clad Books, Topeka, Kansas. pg. 6 4. Carter, Robin Borglum. Gutzon Borglum: His Life and His, 1998. Eakin Press, Austin, Texas. pg. 51. 5. Carter, pgs. 54-57. 6. Fite, pgs. 64-65. 7. Borglum, pg. 21. 8. Fite, pgs. 79-80. 9. Milton, John. South Dakota: A Bicentennial History, 1977. W. W. Norton and Company, Inc, New York, New York, pgs. 139-140. 10. Milton, pgs. 23-24. 11. Milton, pg. 143. 12. Fite, pg. 236. 13. Meredith Corporation. "The Making of Mount Rushmore", American Park Network: Mount Rushmore History: The Making of Mount Rushmore; http://www.americanparknetwork.com/parkinfo/ru/history/carve.html (10 October 2000).

History of the Euro Essay -- Europe Eurpean Currency Money Essays

History of the Euro After the long awaited single currency implementation known as the euro, there have been many ups and downs to this monetary system. Many have been quick to criticize while others still praise its value claiming it will soon be valued strongly against the dollar. Our paper looks into the various aspects of the euro and the progress it has made since its initiation. We begin with a brief history of the euro then move on by raising some questions concerning the effects of the euro on various economic aspects such as competition and global financial institutions. We then provide insight to the various strengths and weaknesses of the euro and the implications this currency has on various institutions such as banks. We conclude the paper by presenting a number of challenges the euro may face in the near future, as well as its current conditions. Introduction Recently in Europe and its neighboring countries, the talk has been about the newly installed euro into the ever- growing European market. The euro has been the new currency for the twelve countries belonging to Euroland since January 1, 2002. The countries that have adopted the euro are the following: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, the Republic of Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. The big motivation behind the euro is to enable a market that more and more looks like one European market. The goal is for the European capital market to be as efficient as possible, as this is a prerequisite for sustainable economic development. To better understand how the euro came about, one must go back to 1979. This is when the idea of the euro was in its very first phase. History of the Euro On March ... .../html/rubrique-cadre5html?pag=rubrique- europa5.html/lang=5/chap18/rubrique=261 â€Å"The European Union in Your Hand† 7) Eltis, Walter. Euro Debate Panel. www.kingston.ac.uk/~en_5007/euro/eurosum.htm 8) www.fortune.com 9) Gazi, Ercel: Governor of Central Bank of Turkey. Dunya Gazetesi, Euro Meeting, Istanbul, Nov 27, 1998 10) George, Edward: â€Å"Progress of the Euro.† www.bis.org/review/r001024.a.pdf 11) Hersch, Warren. Computer Reseller News. â€Å"Euro Progress Crawls Along.† Manhasset; Feb 21, 2000 12) www.howstuffworks.com/euro7.htm 13) â€Å"International Effects of the Euro.† www.brook.edu/dybdocroot/com/Policybriefs/Pb042/pb42.htm 14) White, William: â€Å"The Euro and Financial Markets: Challenges for Bankers and Policymakers.† www.bis.org/speeches/sp991113.htm 15) http://cobweb.creighton.edu/cps/ â€Å"Euro†

Accrual Method Essay

The accrual method of accounting and the cash basis of accounting are different in the way that they record transactions. With cash basis accounting, the agency records money to its book once it is received or when it leaves their system. The accrual method, though, records a transaction when it happens, even if they do not receive money for it yet. Accrual accounting is a more accurate portrait of the nonprofit organization’s finances. If they supply a service they immediately record the cost of that service. This point of view is important because it is more accurate than the cash basis form of accounting, which only documents income when cash comes into the organization. The statement of cash flow is of fundamental importance to an organization’s financial management. This statement gives the organization a breakdown of every transaction that comes in or out. This is totaled up over a particular time period. If there are any differences in the organizational transactions, the statement of cash flow makes this clear. The financial stability of an organization rests on what money they make or spend every day. The organization might go bankrupt if they do not track how their money is spent. These accounting practices offer solid documentation of where money goes.

The Likeliness of Being Different

Based on every class, every story, and every essay I've sat through learning or writing about Human Development, I don't think I can fit the term into the simple definition that it is the unfolding of the human potential in each person's unique environment. It just feels like so much more. Among the many things that have been engraved in my mind about the subject, the idea that everything is due to our genes and environment fascinates me the most. Development starts at conception, and because of that everything that happens in during our lifetime is a contribution to our development as human beings. Frances Klagsbrun's article â€Å"Long-Term Marriages† tries to explains the secrets being long lasting marriages. The article resembles our first assignment where we had to go out and interview couples about their marriage recipe. Klagsbrun clearly writes from a North American point of view. She divides the â€Å"secrets† into eight categories: an ability to change and tolerate change, an ability to live with the unchangeable, an assumption of permanence, trust, a balance of dependencies, an enjoyment of each other, a shared history that is cherished, and luck. If we compare said article to Nicholas D. Kristof's â€Å"Who Needs Love! In Japan, Many Couple Don't,† we can see how these secrets are relevant to just one certain culture, or certain types of people. Japanese marriages, as one of the interviewee said aren’t made out of love: â€Å"Love marriages are more fragile than arranged marriages. † The article shows how wives aren't told ‘I l ove you' or complimented for a good dinner, or shown any affection, and they aren't happy. Instead, Japanese marriages, are long lasting, not because of the categories Klagsbrun told us about, but because divorce is looked down upon, and Japanese people don't want to be gossiped about. These two articles show how marriage does have a common universal goal. Marriages want to last â€Å"forever. † But, the recipe on how to make that delicious long last marriage varies from culture to culture. f In â€Å"Relationships,† a chapter of Human Aging, the authors discussed how friendships work across cohorts. People with friends, regardless of their age, have more social support and, as a result seem to enjoy better health and lower mortality rates. The article stresses how different genders deal with friendships. Women tend to develop a more sentimental attachment to friends, while men depend on friends to be active with. One interesting thing about people is that the number of friends they have stays relatively stable throughout their lifetime. If they had a lot of close friends in their young adult days, then they will tend to have a large amount of close friends, as they grow older; if they had a few close friends in their young adult days, then they will more than likely have a few close friends as older adults. One of the things that differ between older people and younger people is the number of people in their lives. Older people reduce the number of people in their lives who do not provide emotional closeness and focus more on those who do. Younger people don't focus on people who offer that kind of reward, and that is a difference among cohorts. However, some things stay the same even across cohorts: Both younger and older friends maintain a strong emotional attachment. Younger and older friends trust and understand one another. These aspects of friendship always seem to be present and are found in cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons. It seems to me, that as we develop, we realize that some of the â€Å"friends† we have aren't necessary. They don't offer us anything, and when I say, â€Å"offer† I don't mean gifts and trips, I mean those other sentimental things like confidence, love, life experience, etc. As we age, we realize that it's necessary to cut those people who aren't benefiting our lives, and keep those who do, in. Those who we chose to keep in our lives help us achieve our human potential, hopefully. As a society, we seem to be easily impressed with high I. Q. In his article â€Å"What's Your Emotional I. Q.? † Daniel Goleman tells the story of a bus driver who was very cheerful and good at his job. He engaged with riders by greeting them with a happy smile. Then he switched over to a story of a straight A Florida High School student who really wanted to go to Harvard Medical School. Once he got an 80 on a quiz, and his reaction was to stab his teacher. The article suggests that I. Q. doesn't determine all of the success waiting in someone's future, just about 20 percent. As a North American society, what help us achieve our human potential are other things like self-awareness, mood management, self-motivation, impulse control, and people skills. Like we learned in class – these types of test tell us how someone performs on a test. A longitudinal study was made with children from the 1960s to test their self-motivation. The study tested preschool children with a marshmallow. They were told right before being given the marshmallow that, if they waited for the experimenter to come back, they'd get 2 marshmallows. Some kids settled for the quick one-marshmallow while some waited for the experimenter to come back, to get two. Some of the kids closed their eyes to keep themselves from being tempted into eating the marshmallow. When these children became adolescents, the same characteristics were seen in them. The ones who had waited for the experimenter to come back were more socially competent and self-assertive and better able to cope with life's frustrations, while the others who hadn't waited were more likely to be stubborn and stressed. In the end, this article explains that I. Q. isn't what's important, but rather the emotional intelligence that helps us achieve our maximum human potential. Lou Ann Walker's â€Å"We Can Control How We Age,† presents three projects that were started in the 1920s and followed throughout a lifetime. There were different types of people involved, of different ages and from different places in North America. There were a total of 824 men and women. The study divided the individuals who were now between the ages of 60 and 80 into two categories, the â€Å"Happy-Well† and the â€Å"Sad-Sick. † This was one of the most interesting articles I read. The study interviewed and studied these people from different cultures and age groups, and regions, and gender to see how they had lived their life and how they controlled how they aged. The study did come up with a list of successful strategies that worked across cultures and various differences. An example was how people who stopped smoking before 50, lived longer, and those who were in happy marriages, and healthy and optimistic. All of those factors contributed to a long life, full of health. Despite the differences in culture or cohort, it was the similar life choices that led the people in the study to age well. Lastly, I looked at â€Å"How different religions pay their final respects† by William J. Whalen. This article goes to show that we are so different even though we all go through similar events. Our cultures influence our lives and who we become as people, and how we depart from the world, as well. The article looked at ifferent religions like Judaism, Christianity, Parsi, Mormons, Muslims and even Atheists to see different ways they say goodbye to the dead. Many religions prohibit embalming or cremation, or simpler things like music at funerals. I decided to end with this article because it's the end. I always think about what my funeral will be like. I'm an Evangelical Christian since birth, but I'm not an active member of the church at the moment. Funerals follow the religion of the person who died and say a lot about who that person was. Burying the dead is a common event, but it's done in many different ways depending on our culture. It's interesting how we all, as human beings, tend to go through the same things. There are events that are involved in all cultures like marriage, births, deaths, and rites of passage. There are certain relationships that develop like friends and marriages. There's work involved. There's aging. And emotions are all among these events and relationships. But how we get to these events and how we develop these friendships vary so widely. There's no right way or wrong way of living life, I think, but in the end, it really is about achieving that goal of being the best you you can be, the ultimate human potential.

Ikea Enntering the Russian Market Essay

The best way to search for viable alternative entry strategies is to watch the mistakes IKEA made and the problems they had by entering the Russian market. But first there are several company related attributes to mention. IKEA is a company which is highly related to their Swedish tradition and origin as this is a basically part of their marketing strategy and corporate identity. Many people are connecting IKEA’s Swedish image with the way IKEA is communicating their product range: Cheap, easy and yet reliable and stylish. Because of these conditions given, IKEA is forced to make sure that they are able to transfer these elements of their corporate idea into the Russian market. Of course there always are slightly differences from country to country in the way IKEA communicates to their customers, but adoptions should be limited to executive marketing decisions and not interfere with IKEA’s basic business idea. These previous points are strongly limiting any kind of indirect entry strategy. IKEA needs to keep the conceptional differences between their home markets and the Russian points of sale as small as possible. That means as further the gap is between the original shops and the ones in Russia, the bigger is the chance of a flawed identity. Therefore entry strategies like franchising, licensing and indirect export over all could not be an opportunity to enter the Russian market. The reason is simple: It will get quite hard to find a Russian businessman who is familiar enough with Swedish culture. The franchise guidelines IKEA would be forced to give out would probably fill up thousands of pages and even then, Russian IKEA franchise businesses would communicate anything else but Swedish family piece to their customers. IKEA remains facing the more viable entry strategies of a direct export in terms of opening their own stores in Russia as they did, or to start an alliance as a strategica lly partnership or joint venture. The major problem they IKEA faced by choosing the direct export as an entry strategy was the missing knowledge and experience about the Russian market, its further development, the people and the Russian culture as well as Russian living conditions. The arrangement and adaption of the communication strategy and the product range took place steadily and needed time. Therefore, even if the Russian market potential was still growing and expanding IKEA lost market share and sales power because of wasted resources and by performing a not optimally adjusted marketing strategy. A solution to face these problems from the start of the market  entry would have been to search for a Russian partner company that is capable of IKEA’s missing knowledge. The different opportunities in here are based in the shaping and the form of alliance. IKEA can be sure that they have got a very well working business model. They don’t want to share their success even if a deeper alliance would probably allow them to share loss as well in case of failure. IKEA wants to keep control of the company as it is still private hold and they want to keep it that way in Russia. In addition a joint venture alliance usually is kind of a long term relationship. IKEA indeed just needs a partner to get started in the market Russia. Once they catch on they might want to quickly quit former alliances. In my opinion the best solution would have been a strategic alliance with a possibly quite small partner as the object of trade for IKEA is just knowledge. A small, traditional company that enables IKEA the transfer and arrangement of their culture and company politics into the Russian market by providing all the information IKEA needs to prevent the above-mentioned mistakes. The partner company is not needed to perform in any physical goods business as their relationship to IKEA will only be based on information access. After the successful market entry, the strategic, information based alliance could be quit quickly and easy or getting changed into a usual business relationship, depending on the need of future information supply of IKEA.

Marriage Partner Essay

1. At what point does marriage give a spouse the right to enter the property of his or her marriage partner? According to the information given in the early discussion, it clearly states that a spouse cannot be committed of burglary if the spouses are still legally married. This does not include legal separations or divorces. Also, the other must allow the entrà ©e of the spouse. While the offense [of burglary] is not committed by one who breaks and enters his own dwelling or other building, it has, however, also been held that the mere existence of the marriage relationship does not preclude the one spouse from committing burglary against the other spouse. 2. What test did the court apply in order to determine that the husband had no right to enter the home? The test the court applied in order to determine that the husband had no right to enter the house was the fact that a husband, although physically but not legally separated from his wife, can be guilty of burglary when his presence is not welcomed, as well as with the intent to commit an offense, such as the sexual assist he committed. Burglary, like trespass, is an offense against the possession, and hence the test for the purpose of determining in whom the ownership of the premises should be laid in an indictment is not the title, but the occupancy or possession at the time the offense was committed. A person â€Å"enters or remains unlawfully† in or upon premises when he is not licensed, invited or privileged to do so. 3. Are there other relationships that should also hold special legal status, as the establish privileges similar to those of legal spouses at issue in this case? What challenges are involved in enforcing such privileges? The other relationships that should also hold special legal status as the established privileges similar to those of legal spouses would be couples who are considered â€Å"boyfriend and girlfriend†, that are living together, or in some way roommates. Any relationship between two people that share a dwelling, or other major items should hold special legal status to ensure that there is fairness in the use of the item(s). These types of relationships make it difficult to enforce such privileges because of the lack of legal statutes they hold within the state.

Are Entrepreneurs Born or Made Essay

Introduction An entrepreneur is a person who sets up a business by taking on financial risks in hope to make a profit. The word entrepreneur stems from the French word entreprendrà © which means ‘to undertake’. A couple of examples are Lord Alan Sugar and Bill Gates. Lord Sugar is an entrepreneur worth  £800 million. He started by selling car aerials out of a van, he then set up his company, Amstrad which sold affordable hi-fi turntable covers. In 1993 he founded Amsair Executive Aviation with his son Daniel who provide executive and business jet charters. Bill Gates was the world’s first centibillionaire. He began programming aged 13 and continued to gain experience with computing before studying law at Harvard. He spent most of time there programming and created Microsoft. This became the most used computer software in the world. He was CEO up until 2008 and is still a chair in the company. This essay will look at the traits that many entrepreneurs have and see which ones you are born with and which are attainable through education or training allowing anyone to become an entrepreneur. It will conclude arguing that entrepreneurs are made though not all the traits can be improved through training. Traits of Entrepreneurs One trait of entrepreneurs is the need for independence (Brooks 2011). Many entrepreneurs do not want to work for other people and it is this independence that attracts them as they can control their own work and life, it is often a more flexible lifestyle as an entrepreneur can take time off when he wants to. Another trait is the need for fulfilment (Delgado-Garcà ­a et al. 2012). This is believed to be the main drive in entrepreneurs and it isn’t always making money that is the aim. Often their targets are very personal such as becoming international or to employ 100 employees (Brooks 2011). There is also the trait of having an internal locus of control. Being an internal means that you believe you control a broad array of factors in your life (Judge & Bono 2001). An external is the opposite and believes in fate and not being able to control your entire life. These people are less likely to take risks and therefore would make poor entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs need to be self confident. If an entrepreneur isn’t confident in their product or service they are providing then it will be less likely  the entrepreneur will be successful. For investors and shareholders to be confident in the business or business plan then the entrepreneur must be 100% confident in what he is pitching. Entrepreneurs must be innovative also. They must be able to use innovation to create an opportunity. It is a key skill to be able to spot gaps in the market, and take this opportunity to develop a successful business to make money and produce new products. Born or Made? Starting with the first trait independence, independence meaning not wanting to be an employee but be self employed. This is a personal preference which you may be born with and always have a desire to be your own boss. However, this preference may come down to a parent being self employed and seeing him/her having the freedom to take days or afternoons off work and be more flexible may encourage their offspring to be entrepreneurs. The trait of needing fulfilment is one that most people are either born with or not born with. Many people may be happy in a job where they are earning a decent amount and don’t feel the need to try and move up in a company’s hierarchy or leave their job and become an entrepreneur. However, people may not be born with the need for fulfilment but have an idea they genuinely think will succeed and this may encourage them to become more motivated and they will want it to succeed. Overall, the trait of needing fulfilment and achievement is one that can be adopted when older and not necessarily born with. In the case of the internal locus of control, this is something that people may have strong views about and many people make up their own mind about whether they control their own lives or whether fate decides. Education and training is unlikely to change people’s perspective. This perspective is likely to arise from how the person has been brought up, if their parents always told them how fate doesn’t exist then they will probably grow up to believe the same, this means it isn’t something that you are born with (genetic) but is something you may pick up during childhood through the surrounding environment. As shown above confidence is key to being a successful entrepreneur, confidence is something that many people are born with. However, confidence can be built up through therapy or by changing mental attitudes. On the whole, confidence can be made but some people are more naturally confident than others and will need to work less at being that  confident entrepreneur. Innovation is something that is hard to teach and is a trait that you are born with, some people would struggle to come up with ideas and find a gap in the market just as some people are naturally talented at painting and some have to work at it. Innovation is slightly harder to teach that painting however, this is the one trait which would be hard to improve in a person. Conclusion As the above shows many of the traits entrepreneurs need are born with however, they can be improved through education and training later in life. The only one that cannot be improved very easily is innovation. Many people may argue that none of the traits are born with and that they are all developed during childhood and through the environment a person is brought up in. For this reason entrepreneurs are made and many of the traits can be improved to allow a person to become a better entrepreneur. References Billett, M.T. & Qian, Y., 2008. Are Overconfident CEOs Born or Made? Evidence of Self-Attribution Bias from Frequent Acquirers. Management Science, 54(6), pp.1037-1051. Burns, P., 2008. Corporate Entrepreneurship 2nd Edition. Hampshire. Palgrave Macmillan Delgado-Garcà ­a, J.B., Rodrà ­guez-Escudero, A.I. & Martà ­n-Cruz, N., 2012. Influence of Affective Traits on Entrepreneur’s Goals and Satisfaction. Journal of Small Business Management. 50(3), pp.408-428. Judge, T.A. & Bono, J.E., 2001. Relationship of Core Self-Evaluations Traits – Self-Esteem, Generalized Self-Efficacy, Locus of Control, and Emotional Stability – With Job Satisfaction and Job Performance: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology. 86(1), pp.80-92 Piperopoulos, P.G., 2011. Business Emergence and Growth. Hampshire. Palgrave Macmillan.